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2012;35:32534. Electromagn Biol Med. Bioelectromagnetics. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. 2013;42:428. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Specifically, the Federal Communications . 2005;161:52635. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Professor, Asst Director at VIT One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Annu Rev Physiol. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. 2007;34:146779. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. eliminating microwave and RF sources. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. CAS Zhao et al. Radiat Res. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Int J Radiat Biol. Google Scholar. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. PubMed Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Ning et al. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. statement and At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2003;80:194210. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Neurosci Lett. Acta Neurol Belg. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. 2008;169:3845. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. radiation with wavelengths. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. 1992;6:379. 2007;96:218196. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. PubMed Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Biochem J. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Bioelectromagnetics. Neuroreport. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. PubMed Rev Environ Health. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Int J Epidemiol. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2004;25:4957. Mortazavi et al. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Singh et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. 2016;53:210011. Brain Res. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Wang et al. 2010;28:445. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Nature. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? J Neurosci Methods. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 2005;130:591600. Military Medical Research This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. J Natl Cancer Inst. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Cell Biochem Biophys. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Article In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Google Scholar. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. 2014:125. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. CAS 2005;438:18592. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 2001;12:72931. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2011;31:2293301. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. Article . Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 1999;75:44756. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;5:5500110. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. 2009;72:20514. PubMed 2005;22:32931. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. PubMed The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures.