characteristics of ethiopian agriculture characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. This site contains PDF documents. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. <i>Methods</i>. Kassaye Tolassa . Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Washington, DC 20230. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. U.S. Department of Commerce Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. The Blue Nile River. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). will supply the domestic market. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. . Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Agriculture. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Land use function 2 2.2. "National Statistical Abstract. <i>Objective</i>. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Source: United Nations Comtrade. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Productivity and technology. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Advanced Search Citation Search . D. espite the countr. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. <i>Results . The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Download. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). Title. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Wubne, Mulatu. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal.