blood type b and covid vaccine side effects blood type b and covid vaccine side effects

CNN . Table2 Factors associated with the neutralization antibody concentration after the administration of the Chinese inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. It may affect your immune systems strength or your inflammatory response to the infection. -, Finsterer J, Scorza FA. April 5, 2021. Then, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine confirmed the idea with a peer-reviewed study: Folks with Type A blood were 45 percent more likely to become infected with Covid than those with other blood types, while those with Type O were 35 percent less likely. We know the Covid virus damages the lining of your blood vessels. We thank all study participants, the Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital data safety monitoring board, and the study-steering committee. O is the most common blood type in the U.S.: 37 percent of white Americans fall into this category, according to the American Red Cross, with the numbers rising to 47 percent among African-Americans, 53 percent among Latinx-Americans, and 39 percent of Asian-Americans. The inactivated vaccine was administered as a single intramuscular injection for each of the two approved doses. Table3 Factors associated with the levels of interferon-gamma after the administration of the Chinese inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). JAMA (2021) 326:204354. There was no association with blood type and either susceptibility to COVID-19 infection or disease severity in a large cohort study, researchers said. ABO blood typing was performed using a test-tube method according to the manufacturers protocol (Chengdu Xiehe Ltd., Co., Chengdu, China). Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in children aged 6-17 years: A preliminary report of COV006, a phase 2 single-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on Facebook. SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations may not only be complicated by GBS but also by distal small fibre neuropathy. Rachael Schultz is a freelance writer who focuses primarily on why our bodies and brains work the way they do, and how we can optimize both (without losing our sanity). Opens in a new tab or window, Share on Twitter. The .gov means its official. FOIA They noted conflicting research about blood types and COVID, with studies around the world finding links between the two -- particularly, increased susceptibility in people with type A and/or decreased risk with type O -- while others found no links. The clots may also form in multiple places in the body, including in the lungs. COVID-19 vaccine guidelines was numerous in quantity but many lack transparent reporting of methodological practices. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Dynamic IgG seropositivity after rollout of CoronaVac and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines in Chile: A sentinel surveillance study. Researchers have been talking about blood type and COVID-19 susceptibility for months. This may explain why individuals with blood type A were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than those with other blood types. The levels of IFN- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes were not altered in the participants for 240 days after vaccination, whereas the levels of neutralizing antibodies, B-lymphocytes, and IL-6 decreased with increasing time after vaccination. The material on this site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified health care provider. It usually occurs soon after vaccination, and can be treated with epinephrine (as in an EpiPen). Our team of editors strives to be objective, unbiased, and honest. Except for blood type, all demographic and baseline characteristics were balanced between the intervention and control groups (Table1). This unusual clotting may cause different complications, including organ damage, heart attack and stroke. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Received: 25 November 2022; Accepted: 20 February 2023;Published: 03 March 2023. "Blood group O is significantly associated with reduced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Along with its needed effects, sars-cov-2 (covid-19) mrna-1273 vaccine (the active ingredient contained in Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine) may cause some unwanted effects. 20052022 MedPage Today, LLC, a Ziff Davis company. According to Pfizer, about 3.8% of their clinical trial participants experienced fatigue as a side effect and 2% got a headache. The severity of the COVID-19 disease Recent data suggests that people with blood type A have a significantly higher risk of acquiring COVID-19 than non-A blood types. Yet these risks are relative, meaning people with type O blood are not immune to COVID-19. Figure3 Quantitation of cell immune responses on days 1240 following administration of the Chinese inactivated vaccine. The chances of any of these side effects occurring after vaccination differ according to the specific vaccine. Blood type O seems to have the lowest risk. Vaccination is the most effective measure to reduce mortality from COVID-19 and serious diseases (12); however, vaccines are scarce in certain countries and some regions in China (13). Side effects after getting a #COVID19 vaccine are normal signs your body is building protection. YL, SW, and WY were involved in the project management and organizational work. In 2020, scientists started talking about a link between blood type and Covid. 2022 Feb;29(2):555-563. doi: 10.1111/ene.15147. The side effects mean your body is working hard to build the antibodies and cells it will need to fight the virus, if or when you are exposed to it. In conclusion, this study is the first to evaluate robust humoral and cellular immune responses at 240 days in 595 participants after a second dose of inactivated vaccine in individuals primed with the first dose. The signs are trouble breathing, swelling of the face and throat, rash, and low blood pressure. At intervals of 2 months, 8 mL of blood samples was collected from volunteers and distributed into four tubes (2 mL/tube) with or without the EDTA anticoagulant (two tubes for each) to detect neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune response parameters. There were no differences in the positive rate of neutralizing antibodies between the groups throughout the observation period (p = 0.891; Figure2A). Molly Walker is deputy managing editor and covers infectious diseases for MedPage Today. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. "It's pretty clear that Type O is protective to some degree. Here is all the latest news about convicted killer, Alex Murdaugh. The difference may be the type of antibodies we produce depending on blood type. The levels of cellular immune molecules, such as IFN- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, reflect the levels of effector molecules involved in the humoral immune response, such as memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies (26). Methods: This prospective, multicenter, observational, longitudinal study involved 595 participants with a negative SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction result who were serologically tested and followed for 8 months after vaccination. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Comment on "SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations may not only be complicated by GBS but also by distal small fiber neuropathy by J. Finsterer. document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', function() { The most common side effect of the vaccine is temporary soreness and swelling at the injection site. if( 'moc.enilnoefiltseb' !== location.hostname.split('').reverse().join('') ) { All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. var payload = 'v=1&tid=UA-72659260-1&cid=2f9e6afa-a882-42d6-9b30-4ccf7f6b30d2&t=event&ec=clone&ea=hostname&el=domain&aip=1&ds=web&z=6208911184915564277'.replace( 'domain', location.hostname ); Association between mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 hospitalization and disease severity. Acta Neurol Scand. Data were calculated based on a linear mixed-effects model adjusted for vaccine manufacturer, sex, age, blood type, occupation, and body mass index (BMI). Ackah BBB, Woo M, Stallwood L, Fazal ZA, Okpani A, Ukah UV, et al. Even DNA testing company 23andMe tapped their customers and found that among 750,000 people who were diagnosed and hospitalized for Covid (this was prior to vaccines), those with type O were more protected. Yet no research so far has been able to pin down the molecular goings on that explain the mechanism behind why this might be so. Post SARSCoV2 vaccination GuillainBarre syndrome in 19 patients. 2022 Aug 15;369:577901. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577901. So it follows that the response may be most intense around the source of the intruder: a needle in the arm. Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines Some people have no side effects. INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to evaluate the side effects of application of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine on the workers at a Mexican hospital. The log2-transformed level of neutralizing antibodies was used as the independent variable. Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the delta (B.1.617.2) variant surge in India: A test-negative, case-control study and a mechanistic study of post-vaccination immune responses. The researchers at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Canada, examined the test results of 225,556 Canadians who had been tested for COVID-19 between Jan. 15 and Jun. (19, 20), we divided participants into three BMI groups: <18.5, 18.523.9, and >23.9 kg/cm2. PMC Moderna says 9.7% of their participants felt fatigued and 4.5% got . } Researchers think the clotting may be triggered by the high . A new large-scale study published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicinefound that your risk of catching COVID-19 is slashed if you have a particular blood type. There were no changes in IFN- levels and CD4 T+ lymphocyte count on days 1 to 240 (B = 0.2, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.4, p = 0.09 and B = 0.004, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.003, p = 0.105; Tables3, 4) in participants stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 S antigen. The population required to be vaccinated included children aged 311 years, adolescents aged 1217 years, and adults. The early response observed 30 days after the second dose showed a boost effect linked to the same manufacturers scheme. This finding suggests that cellular immune responses lasted longer than humoral responses in the vaccinated population. Glob Health Res Policy (2022) 7:21. doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1, 12. Your body then releases von Willebrand factor, or VWF, into your blood so it can fix the damage to the vessel walls. National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies "The smaller sample sizes and retrospective, observational nature of many prior studies, in addition to their striking heterogeneity of ABO associations with disease susceptibility and severity, could be due to chance variations, publication bias, differences in genetic background, geography and environment, and viral strains," they wrote. Four types of COVID-19 vaccine have been approved for use worldwide: mRNA, inactivated virus, adenovirus, and recombinant protein vaccines (11). doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20200928-01013, 5. Wong MCS, Wong ELY, Huang J, Cheung AWL, Law K, Chong MKC, et al. The profile of solicited adverse events in this study was consistent with that of a previous study (20). At 240 days after vaccination, the GMC of neutralizing antibodies in the mixed-manufacturer vaccination group decreased to 8.5 IU/mL, which was less than the decrease detected in the same-manufacturer vaccination group (20.5 IU/mL) (p < 0.001). Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. In contrast, we observed a decrease in the B-lymphocyte count and IL-6 level on days 1 to 240 in participants stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 S antigen (B = 0.004, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.003; p = 0.008 and B = 0.004, 95% CI 0.006 to 0.002, p = 0.001, respectively; Tables5, 6; Figures3A, G). Very common side effects in the . Among them, Beijing Kexing Zhongwei, Beijing Kexing, Beijing Biology, Lanzhou Biology, Wuhan Biology, and Changchun Biology produce the inactivated vaccine type for a vaccination program of two doses at an interval of 38 weeks. All participants were clinically evaluated and blood samples were collected for immunological evaluation on day 0. Nous, Yahoo, faisons partie de la famille de marques Yahoo. Front Immunol (2022) 13:863554. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.863554, 25. Boosting vaccination is considered important, as antibodies and cellular immune responses were reduced in susceptible populations. Use or keep moving your arm. Whether the immunogenic response observed in this study will translate to better efficacy and effectivenessa fact that should be considered in strategic decisions about vaccination programsis unknown. YY and JX designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. As the study is ongoing, further follow-up data on the third dose of a vaccine booster will be reported in the future. Therefore, the mixing of vaccine brands between doses was considered a feasible strategy to complete the entire course of basic immunization with two doses of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Neutralizing antibody levels were associated with a 33.89% decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG standardized ELISA titers 180 days after the second vaccination (21), similar to our results, that is, a 32.3% decrease in neutralizing antibody levels in the following 180 days. Additional research has buttressed the possibility of a link. SARS-CoV-2 and adverse reactions to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations show a tropism for neuronal structures and tissues. Vaccines are safe and effective at lowering the risk of getting sick and dying from COVID-19. The most frequent neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are headache, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), venous sinus thrombosis (VST), and transverse myelitis. The worst outcome of these side effects is associated with VST, why it should not be missed and treated appropriately in due time. That link was established pretty early on in the pandemic and scientists didn't let it go. They also found non-white race, defined as African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander was associated with viral positivity (13.9% vs 6.9%, respectively) and hospitalization (23.9% vs 11.3%) versus white race. It also can be potentially quite large and thus a bit unsettling. You've read a lot about what puts you at an increased risk of having a severe case of COVID-19, from smoking to carrying around extra weight to being over a certain age. Those who are O-negative may be the least likely to get COVID. 2021;8(2021):3619131. doi:10.1155/2021/3619131 Not everyone gets side effects. The most basic idea is that blood type might influence a persons ability to fight the virus, says David Aronoff, M.D., director of the division of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on Instagram. Are the Vaccines Safe? Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. As of Dec. 24, there were more than 700,000 reports of adverse events . Antibody responses to BNT162b2 vaccination in Japan: Monitoring vaccine efficacy by measuring IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. Exacerbating GuillainBarr syndrome eight days after vectorbased COVID19 vaccination. Yin F, Wu Z, Xia X, Ji M, Wang Y, Hu Z. Data are presented as mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) from the linear mixed-effects model adjusted for vaccine manufacturer, sex, blood type, age, occupation, and BMI. Tianjin CanSino produces the adenovirus vaccine type for a vaccination program of one dose and Anhui Zhifei produces the recombinant protein vaccine type for a vaccination program of three doses at intervals of 1 month (12). The study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital (approval number 20210051, date of approval May 24, 2021). "Rh blood type was protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially for those who were O-negative," they wrote. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Treatment of these side effects is not at variance from similar conditions due to other causes. Saur D, ORyan M, Torres JP, Zuniga M, Santelices E, Basso LJ. The blood type-infection connection is not unique to the coronavirus. "Or by being Type O, the virus gets in but the A antibody prevents it from docking with enough cells to cause disease. COVID19 vaccination acceptance among healthcare workers and nonhealthcare workers in China: a survey. For a March study out of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, scientists tracked the blood types of nearly 2,200 COVID-19 patients in Chinese hospitals, along with those of about 27,000 individuals who didn't have COVID-19 in the same areas. Swollen Lymph Nodes After COVID-19 Vaccines May Cause Mammogram Confusion There's no need to worry about any of the flu-like symptoms. Progress and challenge of COVID-19 vaccine development. However, in this study, the GMC in participants in the mixed-manufacturer group was lower than that in participants in the same-manufacturer group, which is perhaps due to the fact that vaccines from different manufacturers were still of the same type (both inactivated vaccines, but a protein or attenuated live vaccine). I don't think that having Type A or Type B is the problemit's just that they don't have Type O," says Mark Udden, MD, professor of hematology and oncology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. Wang L, Fan JP, Xu Y, Wang JL, Wang MZ. COVID-19 vaccine coverage, concerns, and preferences among Chinese ICU clinicians: A nationwide online survey. It's becoming more common in people under 55. -. Patients were aged 25 to 63 years, had PNH granulocyte clones of 80%, and had not received transfusions in the past year. These antibodies can also bind to and activate platelets, priming them to clump together and trigger clotting. It varies from person to person, but how dramatic the initial response is does not necessarily relate to the long-term response. Once a vaccine goes into your arm, your blood flow increases and immune cells rush to the scene. 2022 Dec 22;78:100157. doi: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100157. BM and JZ collected data and YL reviewed the manuscript. In addition, other variables, including sex, occupation, vaccination type, and blood type, based on their natural classification, were divided into different categories. All Rights Reserved. The relationships between blood type-, age-, sex-, and occupation-related reactivities of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses were demonstrated. COVID vaccines and safety: what the research says. If a patient was O-negative, they were particularly protected from the novel coronavirus, the authors noted. As with all vaccines, side effects may occur after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, we designed a multicenter, longitudinal, observational study to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a second dose of inactivated vaccine among those who received the two vaccines from different manufacturers. Applies to sars-cov-2 (covid-19) mrna-1273 vaccine: intramuscular suspension. Finsterer J. Occupation was another contributing factor, as the medical staff produced one-fold more neutralizing antibodies than the workers during the 1240 days after vaccination (B = 1.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 0.55; p < 0.001; Table2; Figure2D). First-line lorlatinib or crizotinib in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. Side effects can be a powerful deterrent stopping people from getting vaccinated. Furthermore, based on the study of Lusting etal. This is why some vaccines require a brief observation period after your shot. Shaw AT, Bauer TM, de Marinis F, Felip E, Goto Y, Liu G, et al. People may start . Share on Facebook. Factors that influence the concentration of neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model, which could be set on one of the classified variances as a reference to calculate the B value (18). The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107866/full#supplementary-material, 1. Because these detected records included missing data for neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses, we used mixed linear models that can handle unequal numbers of repeated observations for individuals when there were random missing data. The new study's co-author, Joel Ray, MD, of St. Michael's Hospital, suggested that people with these more resistant blood types may have already developed antibodies that can recognize certain aspects of the novel coronavirus and are therefore better prepared to fight it off. This may be due to the increased exposure of medical staff to patients with COVID-19 compared to people in other occupations. We also evaluated CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, B-cell counts, and IFN- and IL-6 levels after stimulation with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 543, 539, 513, and 512 individuals, respectively. Immunol. J Clin Transl Res. The pituitary gland in SARS-CoV-2 infections, vaccinations, and post-COVID syndrome. Science-based COVID-19 vaccine development. Si vous souhaitez personnaliser vos choix, cliquez sur Grer les paramtres de confidentialit. In addition, we are grateful to our colleagues Wenning Yang, Yafei Chu, Qiong Ma, and Wenbo Xu, who assisted with sample collection. Previous research has found that people with A blood types are more at risk. (AC) Kinetics of interferon-gamma levels according to (A) age, (B) blood type, and (C) occupation. This can be a sign of anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. Therefore, we speculate that the concentration of neutralizing antibodies may be increased more rapidly after the third or fourth dose of booster. The mixed model distribution curves of log2-transformed neutralizing antibodies and log10-transformed cellular response with duration adjusted by age, sex, BMI, occupation, vaccination mode, duration since the second dose, interval between doses of vaccination, and ABO blood type were plotted using Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., USA). Wu F, Yuan Y, Deng Z, Yin D, Shen Q, Zeng J, et al. Keywords: Fujigaki H, Yamamoto Y, Koseki T, Banno S, Ando T, Ito H, et al. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-s-primed participants (CombiVacS): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. 2021;30(12):721146. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.721146 Amyloid -related angiitis of the central nervous system occurring after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Most participants rapidly developed neutralizing antibodies after two doses of the Chinese COVID-19 inactivated vaccine administered 3 weeks apart. Up to 10 percent of people who have COVID experience side effects" such as difficulty thinking, pain, tiredness, loss of taste and depression. Participants with documented reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 or those who had been vaccinated with any other vaccine (e.g., influenza or others) or booster vaccine since the primary dose were excluded. doi:10.2196/26089, 24. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Nat Commun (2020) 11:5761. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19623-x, 20. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00220-4, 19. All studies so far have only looked at blood type in connection to symptomatic cases of coronavirus, Dr. Aronoff points out. In fact, one might say that people on . Editorial: Rebound COVID-19 and cessation of antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 with paxlovid and molnupiravir. Participants with blood type A and workers had lower levels of IFN- than those with blood type B and medical staff, respectively (B = 0.16, 95% CI 0.040.28, p = 0.01 and B = 0.27, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.07, p = 0.008, respectively; Table3; Figures3B, C). Blood type may influence other infections, as well. We excluded 14 (2.4%) participants from the regression analysis and mixed model analysis due to missing data: 8 who withdrew their consent, 2 who did not answer age-related questions, 2 who missed a follow-up visit, and 2 who did not provide blood samples (Figure1). Copyright 2023 Yuan, Xu, Ma, Chen, Wang, Wang, Jing, Zhang, Wang, Yan, Zhang, Zhao and Li. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3, 15. Anderson disclosed no relevant relationships with industry. Vaccine (2022) 40:218490. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boost immunisation with an orally administered aerosolised Ad5-nCoV after two-dose priming with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults: A randomised, open-label, single-centre trial. Discussion: Two doses of the Chinese inactivated vaccine induced robust and rapid antibody expression and cellular immune responses. Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Wang JJ, Selva KJ, Reynaldi A, Tan HX, et al. Finally, individuals with certain occupations, including workers, especially older individuals and men, had low levels of antibodies and had weakened cellular immune responses following the second dose compared to their counterparts, suggesting that a longer gap between vaccine doses, which is a strategy in effect in some countries, should be re-evaluated, especially for more susceptible populations. Similarly, previous studies reported that patients with blood group A had an increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2, whereas those with blood group O were associated with a decreased risk (21, 24). Environ Res (2022) 215:114131. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114131, 3. Our findings could provide evidence for an appropriate vaccination strategy against COVID-19. xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8'); To control the COVID-19 epidemic and build an active immunization barrier among populations, the Chinese Government provided free COVID-19 vaccination to all citizens as of December 2020 (3). SARSCoV2 vaccines are not free of neurological side effects. *Correspondence: Yi Li, liyilebmed@henu.edu.cn, These authors have contributed equally to this work, Advancing the Understanding of Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variants and COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy: Essential Clinical and Molecular Insights and Breakthroughs, View all The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that participants aged >50 years had lower reactive IFN- levels and B-lymphocyte counts than those aged 1830 years (Tables36, Figures3AG; Tables S8S15) (B = 0.15, p = 0.03; B = 0.04, p = 0.036, respectively) (Tables3, 5; Figures3A, D). There's no known connection between blood types and side effects from COVID-19 vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines (2021) 20:13617. Nat Commun (2021) 12:1162. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5, 22. The discovery of Type Os protective effect is crucial to building an understanding of how the virus works. This study had limitations. Loss of smell or taste. var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); Type O blood, the most common in the U.S., provides some protection against COVID. Si vous ne souhaitez pas que nos partenaires et nousmmes utilisions des cookies et vos donnes personnelles pour ces motifs supplmentaires, cliquez sur Refuser tout. Interestingly, individuals with blood type A produced lower amounts of IFN- at 180240 days after vaccination and had lower neutralizing antibodies at 114 days than those with blood type B. Our product picks are editor-tested, expert-approved. Experts say more . The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Bruising for no. Diarrhea. The number of participants was relatively small, and at the time of the clinical study design, the administrators did not advocate the administration of vaccines from different manufacturers for separate doses. N Engl J Med (2020) 383:201829. Second, the reported adverse events could also have been underestimated due to the small number of participants and short observation period. (D) Kinetics of B-lymphocyte count according to age. (F) Comparison of adverse effects between individuals vaccinated with vaccines from the same and different manufacturers for the two doses.