dalmatian isopods care dalmatian isopods care

(This may be an oversimplification, but you get the idea!) There are thousands of species worldwide, with several dozen being cultivated in captivity. MwSt. For Isopods For Arachnids For Feeders . In our experience, Porcellio, Armadillidium, Nagurus, and Trichorhina are some of the most commonly kept Genres of Isopods in the hobby. In drier regions, you may increase the humidity to 60% - 80%. The female isopod will carry the eggs around in a sack under her body. One female aniline can lay up to 300 eggs at once, making them one of the most prolific breeders on the planet. Isopods reduce mold, feces, decaying matter, and improve substrate health! There are 5,000+ known species of terrestrial isopods only around 100+ species are kept in the Isopod trade. They do a great job of helping to process fallen leaves and other detritus produced by co-habitants. Dwarf, Porcellio, or Armadillidium Isopods are all fine choices for medium & large inhabitant species. In addition, you need to keep your substrate well hydrated to care for Giant Canyon isopods. If you're looking to breed these isopods outside of a vivarium, we'd recommend keeping them in one of our. Dalmatian isopods are a great addition to a humid terrarium. Restrictions on this product that prohibit shipping to the following states: HI. QTY. They are straightforward to care for, very adaptable, and fast breeders. Its called overstock. Both of those diets provide calcium as well as a slew of other vitamins & minerals. This section will illustrate in detail how to care for Isopods within a live vivarium environment, and what one can expect in terms of long term maintenance. Everything from their substrate and leaf litter, to the animal that is providing waste. Live vivarium substrate will sustain plant life, mycorrhizal fungi, beneficial microbes, and resist breaking down long-term. Sexing: Males have a penile papillae on the underside of their tails, their pleopod segments(underside of the tail) are more angular while females are more square. "text": "Dalmatian isopods eat leaf and wood litter. The ideal temperature is 70 - 85F (21-29C). In our experience, Isopods are more effective at quickly breaking-down larger bits of detritus than Springtails, which helps ensure waste is processed a little quicker than it would otherwise. Isopods in the Bioactive Vivarium is focused on keeping these awesome invertebrates as clean up crews in naturalistic vivaria. They are easy to breed and need you to fulfill only a few basic conditions. Of the seven species of isopods I have collected locally scaber inhabit the driest habitat. Dalmatian isopods are a color morph of the common rough woodlouse as Porcellio scaber is also called. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. Common rough woodlice are temperate species. Amount: (specify above). Exploring The Islamic View On The Popular Seafood Dish, Exploring Oregon: The Best Places To Catch Crayfish. Isopods are generally easy to breed, and the same applies to Dalmatian isopods. As a result, you may need to get a big enclosure to accommodate a growing colony. . As it only affects dark pigments, some of the dark elements of the carapace have been stripped to a creamy translucent white. zzgl. Porcellio scaber itself is native to Europe according to the University of Michigan. It's worth keeping an eye on them, since observing & understanding their behavior can act like a bellwether for certain problems which can occur in a live vivarium. } In rare cases, starving isopods may attempt to consume the carapace of freshly molted invertebrates or even gnaw on small or delicate reptiles or amphibians. Just a small town hobbyist family here (Anthony & Jessica ) Here at JCBG we have a few species that we primarily focus our efforts on.our main focus being New Caledonian gecko's , high end bearded dragons and mutant horned frogs (odd pacman frogs ). We rely on boiled leaf litter as a constantly available primary food source, and ensure plenty is available at all times. Live Oak and Sea Grape leaves also work great. Shipping:All liveisopodsare shipped Monday-Wednesday via Priority Mail. Isopods best for Bioactive enclosures that house other larger vertebrates need to be very prolific and mature at a young age. This European species of Isopod is our most phenotypically diverse species. Sanitation, Disease Treatment, and Testing, Water Features, Waterfalls, & Paludarium Supplies, Sign up to get notified when this product is back in stock, Josh's Frogs Milli Mix Calcium Enriched Millipede and Isopod Substrate (10 quart), Porcellionides pruinosus 'Powder Orange' Isopods (10 count), Josh's Frogs MicroCal Calcium Substrate Supplement (0.75 oz), Porcellio scaber 'Party Mix' Isopods (10 count), Porcellio dilatatus 'Giant Canyon' Isopods (10 count), Female Madagascar Hissing Cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa), Porcellio scaber 'Dalmatian' Isopods (10 count). It is rewarding to have your first isopod colony thriving right away; with the right tools and care, you can achieve the same in no time. If an environment doesn't offer enough nutrients for the Isopods to thrive naturally, offering nutrient rich foods may be beneficial. Isopods belong to the subphylum of Crustacea (Crustaceans), which makes them more closely related to Lobsters & Crabs than Insects. It can be possible to live for up to two years with the right conditions for isopods. While most species of isopods live in dense forests, others live on rocky mountains and hillsides that receive much more airflow. Select Colony Size. Link), and are even a good fit for an office or dorm room. Dalmatian isopods are small, insect-like creatures that thrive in damp and dark areas, such as leaf litter, compost, and soil. They need a habitat that can be easily made out of a plastic container. Many of these isopods,start out completely white or lightly dusted and gain their spots as they get older, much like Dalmatian puppies (some start off deeply spotted). If Isopods are a secondary inhabitant species, additional food sources are not usually required considering the abundance of leaf litter, naturally shed plant leaves, and inhabitant waste which will be present. "Porcellio scaber" Animal Diversity Web. We've seen some commercial products being marketed towards a "once and done" solution towards feeding Isopods within a vivarium. }, }, "@type": "Answer", Featured Products. Approximately the eggs will hatch in a few weeks after the female mates with the male. Additionally, we will explore a few basic topics like the lifespan and size of Dalmatian isopods. (Info used: Turn alternation confirmation for Porcellio) Recommended Enclosure Size: 6 qt sterilite or similar for starter culture, 37 qt sterilite gasket box or similar for large culture, Humidity: 60-80% which can be accomplished by regularly misting when the enclosure starts to dry out. After experimenting with all three in the past, we found mostly negative results in comparison to our usual method described above. This practice helps the plants, Springtails, and mycorrhizal fungi too! Therefore, you shouldnt feed them any cuts from meat like chicken or beef. Bioactive Enclosures used for housing Reptiles or Amphibians or culturing them for pets. It is an exciting area of research for any scientist who is interested in learning more about the evolution of animals on land. event.stop(); Additionally we offer Isopod supplements/Diets that will help make your colony of isopods stronger! You may grow a colony of healthy isopods by spending only a few minutes in your day. 'Montenegro', These are the largest Isopods we work with, approaching 5/8in in length. Porcellio scaber: giant orange, dalmatian, giant purple, and calico varieties. Insects delivered safely to your dooror your money back! Breeding: Breed readily in well set up colony/enclosure. They also consume vegetables and other organic things like squash or moss. For that reason, the care recommendations & behavioral analysis above applies to all three varieties. When it comes to Isopods, slower movement & finding groups huddled together are both healthy behaviors to observe. Reptile & Amphibian enthusiasts can watch for certain visual cues to tell if an animal is healthy or sick. They appreciate dried leaves and wood to eat as well as vegetables such as carrots or potatoes. A hardy species of isopod that produce quickly once established. Caring For Dalmatian Isopods When in doubt, using dwarf species of isopods, such asDwarf Tropical Whites, may be a safer option. Proudly created with Wix.com. Add to cart. $44.95. They breed very fast and have large broods, so you'll have your hands full of bugs in no time! Peach isopods, clown isopods, zebra isopods, yellow dots, powder blue dalmatians, orange dalmatians, dairy cows, dwarf striped are some of the most commonly found vivarium isopods. Accessed 9 Aug. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis Size: Mixed sizes With a Bachelors of Science in Wildlife: Conservation and Management from Humboldt State University. These isopods, start out completely white or lightly dusted and gain their spots as they get older (much like Dalmatian puppies). Once the cup has been thoroughly filled with damp soil or paper towel, it is time to return them to their natural habitat, where they will need to remain moist in order to breathe. Isopods live up to 3 to 4 years. Pak Chong Armadillidium granulatum Armadillidium corcyraeum Armadillidium depressum "magic potion" Venezillo parvus "dalmatian" Porcellionides pruinosus "Oreo crumble", "powder blue", "powder orange" Dairy cows Armadillidium nasatum "white / gold jellybean" Cappuccino Cubaris sp. The ideal size of a vent depends on your ambient conditions, but we personally add a 2in vent on 6 quart (1.5 gallon) containers, 3in vent on 16 quart (4 gallon) containers, and two 3in vents on 28 quart (7 gallon) containers. They require a larger supply of leaf litter and protein then the normal isopod care. You may also be able to get food meant for Dalmatian isopods to fulfill their nutritional requirements. } Product Description Dalmation isopods are an excellent choice for vivariums and make a great occasional snack for poison dart frogs and other small animals. Buy and sell hassle free with Preloved! Extreme cold and heat can be lethal. Isopods are substrate cleaners and the adults and nymphs are suitable as feeders. Please check your temps before ordering! As you may have guessed, Isopods will absolutely thrive in any of our NEHERP Live Vivarium Substrates. These aren't scientific classifications; just an easy way to define & separate two styles of husbandry. We recommend keeping just one variety of Isopod per enclosure to ensure populations don't end up competing for resources, since most small environments would ultimately end up with just one species thriving in the long run. In the meantime, we'll summarize the three categories we use to keep track of Isopods at NEHERP. Within three weeks, the pouch can contain up to 200 young isopods, each of which looks and acts like its parent. -Fish food flakes. Therefore, you can expect to breed more isopods by maintaining suitable conditions for your colony. Our team as a whole is proud to have accumulated over 20 years of combined experience working with Isopods, and we look forward to learning more as time goes on. This species likes to dig so be sure substrate is 2-3 inches deep. There are many ways to ensure Isopods can thrive in captivity, and we'll describe the foods & methods which have worked best for us over the years. Enclosure larger than 10 gallons? They love growing in mildly warm and humid environments but can't tolerate overly wet environments. They are a great first pet for kids, a perfect way to build an interesting classroom display (Teachers might want to check out NSTA's helpful page* Ext. After a month or so, it should be possible to find around 50 isopods, and they are more active in the evening. ---- For temps exceeding 95*F:LAG you must request "HOLD at Post Office" in message to seller box at checkout. This layer should always be well hydrated. If they'll be used as a detritivore within a vivarium designed for another primary inhabitant, we strongly recommend allowing extra time to ensure they can establish a large enough population. Fallen leaves, lichen, decaying wood, decaying vegetation, animal waste and remains are all things wild isopods eat on a regular basis. Isopods are positively thigmotactic, meaning they prefer (and in this case will seek) contact with surrounding objects to help them conserve moisture & prevent dessication. It's possible (although rare) that certain species of animal may more heavily prey upon the Isopods, which can eventually lead to a dwindling microfauna population. ---- "Diagnostics in Plant Breeding" is systematically organizing cutting-edge research reviews on the development and application of molecular tools for the prediction of plant performance. All Isopods live in different countries, at different elevations and all together in different environments. With the right knowledge, isopods can be a great way to make some extra income. As noted above, Dalmatian isopods love to stay in moist environments. You can always contact us for any return question at RubberDuckyIsopods@gmail.com. Each order placed contains a minimum of10well-established juvenile isopods! Afterward, one end of every enclosure is kept slightly more dry than the other to allow the Isopods to naturally hydroregulate. All Rights Reserved | Privacy & Terms of Service | Contact. "Armadillidium" Wikipedia. Hot Temps:Cold packs are includedfree of charge. You can maintain around 75 degrees F to 85 degrees F while the female isopods carry eggs. They may grow to about 0.7 inches or 20 mm. Isopods are substrate cleaners and the adults and nymphs are suitable as feeders. "@type": "Answer", Shipping prices are based on distance the package will travel and the weight of the total order. "blue pigeon" Cubaris sp. Dalmatian isopods are quick breeders, and you may need more space soon. This product ships to your doorstep. In addition, you may use a heating pad to keep the enclosure warm. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"41WHGF0g7.c_FskyqXmHyuIlEOe76EG1M4zkEwY0gLY-1800-0"}; Check out our isopods stickers selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. In addition, Dalmatian isopods contribute to the environment they live in. They are medium paced growers that establish moderately in terrariums and flourish when housed in breeding bins. Each individual is unique; Name: Porcellio scaber 'Dalmation' Recommended Enclosure Size: 6 qt sterilite or similar for starter culture, 37 qt sterilite gasket box or similar for large culture Porcellio scaber "Orange Dalmatian" Isopods For Sale. Dalmatian isopods prefer to live in warm and moist conditions. It resembles a gigantic orange isopod (Porcellio sp.). Left to right: Armadillidium maculatum, Armadillidium maculatum 'Chocolate', Armadillidium sp. The key to success is having a reliable source of isopods, as well as knowing how to market them. On the other hand some Isopod species can be very difficult to reproduce in captivity or only breed seasonally with small amounts of offspring being born at a time. The word Isopod is derived from Greek meaning "Equal Foot", since they have an equal number of feet on each side of their body. This species will readily cannibalize each other if there is not enough protein in their diet. As a result, we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page. Our goal is to offer the best info we can, and we're always eager to learn. FREE Delivery ANYWHERE In Colorado Of $250+ (Private Car Option). Additionally, you may throw in pieces of bark or decaying wood from the same trees for more nutrition. After the Isopods have a moment to work themselves down into the substrate (they usually will pretty quickly), Leaf Litter can be added to the vivarium as the final touch. There are a number of exceptions to the general rule that breeding is easier than other types of animals, but there is still a wide range of isopods to choose from. The are found on the coasts of the U.S. in the warmer areas.They are smooth and have been known to grow to 3/4. This practice of changing speed of movement based on an external stimulus is called orthokinesis, and is an interesting thing to observe. Detailed Species Stats -Click-. This marsupium, which is known as marsupium, is made up of a fluid that provides the eggs with the nutrients they require to develop. (More on that later) For this reason, vivariums in which the Isopods are a secondary inhabitant are less likely to require additional nutrient rich foods. More specific advice will depend on the type of vivarium you'll be designing and the type of inhabitant (if any) you'll be caring for. Below we'll describe all of the common vivarium setups which have unique care advice for Isopods. Nonetheless, if you are comfortable with your rarer isopods outcompeteping others, this shouldnt be a problem. Most basic style enclosures are built by Isopod enthusiasts, breeders, or by those in an educational setting. Dalmatians prefer 60-70% humidity and temperatures between 50-75degrees F but can tolerate temperatures as low as 40 degrees. Refunds We will notify you once weve received and inspected your return, and let you know if the refund was approved or not. Therefore, you can easily keep them well fed in established environments with enough organic matter. 100 mixed: $200. I have always loved animals. Isopods aren't responsible for decomposing these materials directly, but they do greatly contribute to the fragmentation of organic matter. With the Isopods added & vivarium finished, it's critical to allow both Springtails and Isopods at least 3-6 weeks to acclimate before adding inhabitants. Please check your temps before ordering! Isopods are substrate cleaners and the adults and nymphs are suitable as feeders. As food plenty of leaf litter and an organic diet like vegetables and fruits. Pe: Nieokrelona We wanted to be sure that we got our facts straight on a couple different topics before publishing this article, and hope you find the below references useful! "Decision-Making and Turn Alternation in Pill Bugs (Armadillidium Vulgare)" International Journal of Comparative Psychology, Tohru Moriyama An Isopod's rate of travel depends on a number of factors including temperature (70-85f preferred), humidity (55%+ R/H preferred), amount of light (darkness preferred), and even "tightness" within an area. Depending on which species you are keeping they could require anything from a loose shutting lid, to vents on all four sides of their set up. $124.99 "Close (esc)" Quick view. although they are so diverse, they have many things in common in terms of their care. ", Color/Pattern: black blotching and speckling pattern on a white base. Odd as it may sound, Isopods actually make a great pet for a variety of different types of owners; not just exotic animal & plant enthusiasts. "Individual Preferences and Social Interactions Determine the Aggregation of Woodlice" Cdric Devigne, Pierre Broly, Jean-Louis Deneubourg The list includes the right temperature, food, and humidity. In this case, a genetic emergency stop is pressed on the female isopods, causing them to become infertile. Age: Live for 2-3 years. Add them to your home enclosure to create a Bio-Active ecosystem like nature intended. If shipped Ground, the temperature experienced during shipping must remain between 20 and 85 F. Also, refill the enclosure with new rounds of feed and organic matter. The Isopods we work with won't readily climb clean glass or plastic containers with vertical sides. 60 Degreesto 90 Degrees. The vivarium, exotic plant, and herpetofauna enthusiast communities we serve are incredible, and the pool of knowledge they bring to the table can't be understated. *Rubber Ducky Isopods Offers Transparent & Upfront Pricing. You can then watch them for hours and enjoy seeing these isopods turn into a ball if disturbed. Don't forget to add on supplemental feed for your bioactive isopods! In this blog we will cover all the basics of keeping isopods. This is Daniel, the researcher, and author behind the animal articles you have stumbled upon. Therefore, you may have to spray a bit of water inside the container. Wikipedia.org, W pakiecie miks wybarwionych, rozkarmionych maluchow - redniaki. They are often known as 'Titans' or 'Hoffs' in the hobby. Isopods being kept to culture can be provided much more in a smaller more controlled environment. UVB lighting isn't required, and the most basic (i.e. Read the reviews below and see what other customers are saying! Isopods are detritivores (consumers of dead organic material), and are an important part of most ecosystems they are a part of. Great for gecko and tree frog terrariums! All while providing a calcium rich, nutritious snack for your critters to enjoy any time they wish. Dalmatian isopods generally have a white body. "acceptedAnswer": { The large isopod, a type of crustacean, can be found in deep-sea waters and is known for its remarkable ability to survive for extended periods of time without food. Ensure to feed Dalmatian isopods gradually to prevent overeating. Therefore, you should keep the enclosure warm to ensure a healthy batch of baby isopods. "@type": "Question", One of our Bioactive enclosures that houses a Boucorts Water snake. However, the occurrence and pattern of spots vary from one isopod to another, just like dogs. Technically, isopods are a terrestrial type of crustacean - they're more closely related to . The Japanese Magic Potion Isopod has an interesting approach to the dalmatian gene. These isopods have softer bodies, making them an excellent prey animal. LIVE Arrival Guarantee With This Shipping Method, Fast & Easy Refunds & Isopod Replacements, Have A Question We Have An Answer For YOU, We Accept 12 Payment Options For Our Customers. Breeding: Breed readily in well set up colony/enclosure. If you have any of our NEHERP Screen Separator lying around, we'd recommend using it. While they are relatively easy to care for, many pet owners are curious as to how long it takes for their isopods to reproduce. Jades cold blooded gems on MorphMarket is owned by Anthony William Uzar and located in No city in CT, US, Connecticut. Dairy's can be very active and fun to watch. If a species of Isopod is kept as a pet, or the "main attraction" within an enclosure, we consider them the primary inhabitant. The following advice applies to vivariums built to the specs described in Vivarium Construction 101, and may not apply to enclosures built using methods we wouldn't recommend. Porcellio scaber 'Dalmatian' Isopod, 12 for $12 AVAILABLE (Cannot ship to Louisiana) These hardy creatures may be nearly all white, finely speckled, or have large, dark marks on white or speckled bodies. Shopnow! Isopods are detritivores (consumers of dead organic material), and are an important part of most ecosystems they are a part of. While there are a few Isopod enthusiasts keeping these as pets, we've found that the majority of our clients utilize Porcellio scaber as detritivores within live Vivariums & other enclosures which would benefit from their company. These creatures require excellent care and maintenance, which can provide an extremely rewarding experience for their owners. Still not sure if Porcellio scaber 'Dalmation' from Josh's Frogs is the right pet for you? Breeding isopods for profit is becoming an increasingly popular venture for entrepreneurs. Isopods are fascinating creatures with fast reproduction and interesting reproductive strategies. They breathe through a set of gills, so they all require a certain level of humidity. { If you need to heat your enclosure, we recommend placing an Under Tank Heater on the side to increase temperatures. You will need both male and female isopods to breed your colony. Alternate spelling of Pereon is Pereion. These isopods are said to survive in aquariums for up to four years without eating, according to research. In addition, keeping the top layer humid ensures the substrate stays hydrated. "Isopoda" Wikipedia. Here is a chart for ideas. In addition to community experience, a fair portion of the information in this article was siphoned from the brilliant mind of our team member Mike W, who has been running our Live Department for 5+ years now. Please remember it can take some time for your bank or credit card company to process and post the refund too. Your enclosure should provide similar conditions for these creatures to live most comfortably. Beyond that, an Isopod vivarium is set up just like any other. Enclosure larger than 10 gallons? We recommend waiting as long as possible, to ensure the Microfauna have plenty of time to establish healthy populations. Still, you should always aim to maintain 50% humidity or more. So, lets dive right in without delay. There are numerous ways to keep and breed isopods that provide hours of entertainment for even the most devoted isopod fan. The process of breeding isopods is fairly simple and does not take much effort on the part of the individual. The size of their spots depends on when they appear in their lifespan . $ 8.99 - $ 145.00 Venezillo parvus "Dalmatian" are a hard to find dwarf species of isopods. Please read the following article on keeping and culturing isopods: HOW TO KEEP AND CULTURE ISOPODS. Like other giant Spanish isopods, P. hoffmannseggi does best with good ventilation, and a humidity gradient that allows them to seek damper or drier areas whenever needed. Even if your inhabitant species won't need it that humid in the long run, keeping it that way in the short term will help the Isopods get a head start before the primary inhabitant is introduced. Our livestock is bred and raised on site to reduce stress and ensure your insects arrive healthy, active, and free of pests and diseases. Dalmatian porcellio scaber isopods are one of the best cleanup crews out there for the bio-active terrarium. The substrate is admittedly a little "over-engineered" for a simple enclosure like this, but it's the basis of all of our breeder cultures here at NEHERP, and we've had great luck with it over the past few years. It will be able to reproduce and provide hours of entertainment as long as its conditions are correct. As a result, they are a relatively easy species to breed, as long as the right conditions are met. As a hobby-specific business we refer to these little critters as "Isopods", although that term is incredibly broad outside of this context! (Enthusiasts sometimes call Isopods part of a "Bioactive Terrarium Cleanup Crew") In this situation, a live vivarium is designed for another species of animal like an Amphibian, Reptile, Arachnid, or Insect. They will eat just about anything organic including most vegetables, grains, and fish food. Isopods are generally easy to breed, but the length of time it takes to do so depends on the species. Isopods are nature's clean-up crew What Do Isopods Eat? However, the bigger Dalmatian isopods may survive less, such as 2 years. Sign up for special discounts and insider exclusives! ---- This species is capable of rolling into a ball if disturbed. The black spots appear with age and become more prominent as they gain adulthood. Red Crested Gecko Young Adult Male. Na sprzeda pakiet 10 sztuk Porcellio scaber "Dalmatian" i "Orange Dalmatian" miks kolorw,po piknie ubarwionych rodzicach. Plus, they're super fast - making them difficult to handle carefully. Just place the mat under the container and monitor the temperature. This is typically how we setup most of our Isopod cultures. However, you will not see any black or dark spots during this time. If your exchangeis accepted, well replace the approved items. All leaf litter should be sterilized (boiled) before introduction to prevent contamination from any possible external pathogens. A woodlouse (plural woodlice) is any crustacean belonging to the suborder Oniscidea within the order Isopoda.They get their name from often being found in old wood. Feeding: Repashy Bug Burger, Repashy Morning Wood, and a calcium supplement 2x a week, portioned according to the population of the enclosure/culture. Dalmatian isopods are great pets and food for other animals. The V2 Substrate which comes with our kits should last for years, and the only special instruction for an Isopod-only vivarium is crushing up some boiled leaf litter & mixing it into the substrate layer before the enclosure is finished. A good live vivarium substrate is a critical element which helps ensure Isopods can establish & maintain a population within an enclosure long term. Thirdly, you should provide hiding places and various substrates to encourage mating. This is thought to ensure that an individual is less likely to circle back & become prey when threatened, and will be more likely to eventually find a favorable condition during casual movement. We try to keep all of our Isopods between 73F-83F year-round. Due to their age, isopods sold by Josh's Frogs are sold as unsexed animals. If Isopods are kept as secondary inhabitants within a vivarium housing a more complex species, they'll have even more of a naturally abundant food source courtesy of the animal's waste. "@type": "Answer", Dalmatian Isopods Are Quick Breeders Photo Credit: @feedershack on Instagram! If Porcellio scaber Isopods begin munching on plants in your enclosure while plenty of leaf litter is available (this is extremely uncommon), we recommend offering more nutrient rich foods (Repashy Bug Burger or Repashy Morning Wood) using the methods described earlier in this article.